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Clarification Videos - As I really did a bad job of doing ROM in the video, I decided to put videos here that help to
explain what is to be done. There are also other videos that clarify aspects of the CPNE test, just scroll down to view
Flexion - Bending movement that decreases the angle between two parts. Bending the elbow, or clenching a hand into a fist, are examples of flexion. When
sitting down, the knees are flexed. Flexion of the hip or shoulder moves the limb forward (towards the anterior side of the body).
       
Extension - The opposite of flexion; a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. In a conventional handshake, the fingers are fully
extended. When standing up, the knees are extended. Extension of the hip or shoulder moves the limb backward (towards the posterior side of the body).Adjusting
relation to mid-line of body         

Abduction - A motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body (or, in the case of fingers and toes, spreading the digits apart, away from the
centerline of the hand or foot). Abduction of the wrist is called radial deviation. Raising the arms laterally, to the sides, is an example of abduction.
       
Adduction - A motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb. Dropping the arms to the sides, or bringing
the knees together, are examples of adduction. In the case of the fingers or toes, adduction is closing the digits together. Adduction of the wrist is called ulnar
deviation.